A molar pregnancy — also known as hydatidiform mole — is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in the uterus. A molar pregnancy starts when an egg is fertilized, but instead of a normal, viable pregnancy resulting, the placenta develops into an abnormal mass of cysts.
In a complete molar pregnancy, there's no embryo or normal placental tissue. In a partial molar pregnancy, there's an abnormal embryo and possibly some normal placental tissue. The embryo begins to develop but is malformed and can't survive.
A molar pregnancy can have serious complications — including a rare form of cancer — and requires early treatment.
SYMPTOMS
A molar pregnancy may seem like a normal pregnancy at first, but most molar pregnancies cause specific signs and symptoms, including:
Dark brown to bright red vaginal bleeding during the first trimester
Severe nausea and vomiting
Sometimes vaginal passage of grape-like cysts
Rarely pelvic pressure or pain
If you experience any signs or symptoms of a molar pregnancy, consult your doctor or pregnancy care provider. He or she may detect other signs of a molar pregnancy, such as:
Rapid uterine growth — the uterus is too large for the stage of pregnancy
High blood pressure
Preeclampsia — a condition that causes high blood pressure and protein in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy
Ovarian cysts
Anemia
CAUSES
A molar pregnancy is caused by an abnormally fertilized egg. Human cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from the father, the other from the mother. In a complete molar pregnancy, all of the fertilized egg's chromosomes come from the father. Shortly after fertilization, the chromosomes from the mother's egg are lost or inactivated and the father's chromosomes are duplicated. The egg may have had an inactive nucleus or no nucleus.
In a partial or incomplete molar pregnancy, the mother's chromosomes remain but the father provides two sets of chromosomes. As a result, the embryo has 69 chromosomes instead of 46. This can happen when the father's chromosomes are duplicated or if two sperm fertilize a single egg.
Risk factors
Up to an estimated 1 in every 1,000 pregnancies is molar. Various factors are associated with molar pregnancy, including:
Maternal age. A molar pregnancy is more likely for a woman older than age 35 or younger than age 20.
Previous molar pregnancy. If you've had one molar pregnancy, you're more likely to have another. A repeat molar pregnancy happens, on average, in 1 to 2 out of every 100 women.
Complications
After a molar pregnancy has been removed, molar tissue may remain and continue to grow. This is called persistent gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It occurs in about 1 of every 5 women after a molar pregnancy — usually after a complete mole rather than a partial mole.
One sign of persistent GTD is when the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) — a pregnancy hormone — remains high after the molar pregnancy has been removed. In some cases, an invasive mole penetrates deep into the middle layer of the uterine wall, which causes vaginal bleeding. Persistent GTD can nearly always be successfully treated, most often with chemotherapy. Another treatment option is removal of the uterus (hysterectomy).
Rarely, a cancerous form of GTD known as choriocarcinoma develops and spreads to other organs. Choriocarcinoma is usually successfully treated with multiple cancer drugs.
Preparing for your appointment
You're likely to start by talking with your family doctor or pregnancy care provider. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.
What you can do Before your appointment:
Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including when they first started and how they've changed over time.
Make note of the date of your last menstrual period, if you remember it.
Write down key personal information, including any other medical conditions for which you're being treated.
Make a list of all medications, as well as any vitamins or supplements you're taking.
Ask a friend or family member to accompany you, if possible, to your appointment. Having someone else there may help you remember something that you forgot or missed and may provide much-needed emotional support.
Write down questions to ask your doctor.
Preparing a list of questions in advance will help you make the most of your time with your doctor. For molar pregnancy, some basic questions to ask include:
What is likely causing my symptoms or condition?
What kind of tests do I need?
What needs to be done now?
What treatment approach do you recommend?
Do I need to follow any restrictions?
What emergency signs and symptoms should I watch for at home?
What are my chances for a successful future pregnancy?
How long should I wait before trying to become pregnant again?
Does my condition increase my risk of developing cancer in the future?
Do you have any brochures or printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend for more information?
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment if you don't understand something.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor will likely perform a physical exam and run some tests, including a blood test and ultrasound exam. He or she also may ask you a number of questions, such as:
When was your last menstrual period?
When did you first begin experiencing symptoms?
Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?
Are you having any pain?
Compared with your heaviest days of menstrual flow, is your bleeding more, less or about the same? Have you passed any grape-like cysts from your vagina?
Are you experiencing any lightheadedness or dizziness?
Have you had a past molar pregnancy?
What chronic conditions, if any, do you have?
Do you wish to become pregnant in the future?
Tests and diagnosis
If your doctor suspects a molar pregnancy, he or she will probably order a blood test to measure the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) — a pregnancy hormone — in your blood. He or she will also likely do an ultrasound.
With a standard ultrasound, high-frequency sound waves are directed at the tissues in the abdominal and pelvic area. During early pregnancy, however, the uterus and fallopian tubes are closer to the vagina than to the abdominal surface, so the ultrasound may be done through a wandlike device placed in your vagina.
An ultrasound of a complete molar pregnancy — which can be detected as early as eight or nine weeks of pregnancy — may show:
No embryo or fetus
No amniotic fluid
A thick cystic placenta nearly filling the uterus
Ovarian cysts
An ultrasound of a partial molar pregnancy may show:
A growth-restricted fetus
Low amniotic fluid
A thick cystic placenta
If your health care provider detects a molar pregnancy, he or she may check for other medical problems, including:
Preeclampsia
Hyperthyroidism
Anemia
Treatments and drugs
A molar pregnancy can't continue as a normal viable pregnancy. To prevent complications, the molar tissue must be removed. Treatment usually consists of one or more of the following:
Dilation and curettage (D&C). To treat a molar pregnancy, your doctor removes the molar tissue from your uterus during a procedure called dilation and curettage (D&C). A D&C is usually done as an outpatient procedure in a hospital.
During the procedure, you receive a local or general anesthetic and lie on your back with your legs in stirrups. Your doctor inserts a speculum into your vagina, as in a pelvic exam, to see your cervix. Your doctor then dilates your cervix and removes uterine tissue with a vacuum device. A D&C usually takes about 15 to 30 minutes.
Hysterectomy. If the molar tissue is extensive and there's no desire for future pregnancies, you might have surgery to remove your uterus (hysterectomy).
HCG monitoring. After the molar tissue is removed, your doctor repeats measurements of your HCG level until it returns to normal. If you continue to have HCG in your blood, you may need additional treatment. Once treatment for the molar pregnancy is complete, your doctor may continue to monitor your HCG levels for six months to one year to make sure there's no remaining molar tissue. Because pregnancy makes it difficult to monitor HCG levels, your doctor may recommend waiting until after follow-up before trying to become pregnant again.
Prevention
If you've had a molar pregnancy, talk to your doctor or pregnancy care provider before conceiving again. He or she may recommend waiting for six months to one year before trying to become pregnant. During any subsequent pregnancies, your care provider may do early ultrasounds to monitor your condition and offer reassurance of normal development.
By Mayo Clinic Staff
